How To Prepare P&l And Balance Sheet From Trial Balance
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How To Prepare P&l And Balance Sheet From Trial Balance
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Received: 5 September 2019 / Revised: 27 September 2019 / Accepted: 2 October 2019 / Published: 10 October 2019
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It is proposed to solve the voltage imbalance problem of the lithium battery. In the process of charging a lithium battery, the occurrence of a voltage imbalance leads to the activation of the rapid balancing mechanism. The proposed balancing scheme consists of a bidirectional converter and a switch network. The purpose of the bidirectional is that the power can be sent to the cell with the lowest voltage for the charging mode. On the other hand, the energy stored in the magnetizing inductance of the transformer can be charged back into the higher voltage cell in the recycling mode. This new scheme includes the following features: (1) The odd and even numbered row cells with the highest differential voltage are directly selected for the balancing process. In this topology, there is no need to store and provide energy through any intermediate or additional storage components. That is, it is possible to save energy loss to improve efficiency and achieve a fast balancing method. (2) There is only one converter to complete the energy transfer for the voltage balancing process. This concept greatly simplifies the circuit structure. (3) The design has bidirectional energy flow and good electrical insulation characteristics. (4) A single-chip controller is used to measure the voltage of each cell for an efficient, fast balancing process. At the end of the article there is a practical test of the proposed LiFePO balancing method
In recent years, lithium batteries and related technologies have been developed and widely used. The battery industry has the experience and capacity to produce large quantities of battery packs and modules. Battery packs and modules consist of multiple battery cells for high-capacity energy storage applications. However, there is an important problem of electrical charge imbalance [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] in high power battery circuits. The problem is due to the nature [6], the depth of discharge [7] and the aging problem of each cell [8, 9]. Based on the above reasons, when the battery chain is charged or discharged, the imbalance of each cell in the battery chain becomes more serious. Also, as the charge-discharge cycle of the battery circuit increases, the internal resistance and capacity of each cell will change to shorten the life cycle of the battery circuits.
To improve the efficiency and extend the life of storage batteries, a battery management system (BMS) [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] is an important function used to monitor in battery parameters. . In addition, BMS plays an important role for battery management and protection. The main functions of BMS are to monitor, protect and balance parts [17, 18]. The monitoring is designed to determine the relative key parameters of the batteries, such as voltage, current and temperature. The protection is to avoid the situation of overcharging or overdischarging the battery packs. The last is about the technique of balancing each cell. In general, balancing schemes can be divided into passive and active balancing topologies. The most common passive balancing circuits [19, 20, 21, 22] use series resistors, series diodes, or zeners as voltage dividers in parallel with each cell for balancing purposes. These passive concepts, with simple control techniques and smaller balancing circuits, can achieve a voltage equalizer for each cell during the process; however, power loss and thermal issues can be major factors affecting balancing performance, accuracy and cell life. On the other hand, active balancing topologies [23, 24, 25, 26, 27] can transfer energy from a cell with a higher voltage to a lower voltage using a storage cell and switch network. Some of the active balancing circuits use multiple windings of the primary transformer to create balancing characteristics with better electrical isolation, but the number of elements is limited by the windings; thus, the dimensions of the transformer are increased to produce more balanced cells. In fact, these active balancing methods help improve efficiency and performance during the balancing process, but they take a lot of time to deliver power from the high voltage cell to the low voltage cell. The reason is that when the cell with the highest voltage starts charging the cell with the lowest voltage, the energy flow must be delivered through the other cells one by one to the target cell. So the balancing path has a big problem of wasting time. The concept proposed in this paper is to reduce the balancing time and make the balanced cell an accurate compensation. To recall the concept of active balancing mentioned above, the basic concept of active balancing is to transfer energy from a battery with a higher voltage to a battery with a lower voltage to achieve a balancing function for each cell. Nowadays, BMS is the core of many battery-powered power applications.
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Based on the above descriptions, the paper proposes a fast balancing method for a LiFePO4 battery. In this study, a digital signal processor (DSP) is used to implement the algorithm and as the main controller.
As shown in Figure 1, the proposed balancing method uses a bidirectional converter [28, 29] to balance the voltage of each cell in the battery circuit. This method helps to directly deliver power from a higher voltage battery to a lower voltage battery. In other words, there is no energy loss in the delivery process, and this technique can also effectively reduce the balancing time. In this study, the direct converter has good isolation function and a simple structure for bidirectional function. The strategy is to balance the voltage between the odd-numbered battery and the even-numbered battery, with the maximum differential voltage in the battery circuit. The switch network shown in the blue dotted block is formed by several pairs of MOSFETs connected back and forth, and each connection is also a bi-directional switch set with two MOSFETs connected to the cell. Thus, this compound may provide a bidirectional pathway for energy delivery. In addition, each of the bidirectional switches can avoid other currents flowing in the cell during the balancing process.
The operation mode can be divided into two different modes. The first is to balance the voltage from the odd battery to the same one. Another way is to balance the voltage from the even battery to the odd battery. The working principle of these two modes will be discussed in detail below. In the following analysis, each battery is denoted by V
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Everything is still there. The rest of the switch set is off. In this interval, the energy stored in L
. During this mode, the energy stored in the magnetizing inductor can be released and recycled into the battery (V
Everything is still there. The rest of the switch set is off. In this interval, the energy stored in L
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. During this mode, the energy stored in the magnetizing inductor can be released and recycled into the battery (V
This part covers the design in detail. Table 1 lists the key experimental parameters (switching frequency, duty cycle, turns ratio, capacitance, and inductance) in this study. Also, Table 2 – LiFePO specifications
Battery. These battery parameters help design the charger and related components. First, the speed ratio (N
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) of the transformer must be determined using the rated voltage of the element. U
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